Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin as food additives with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. It is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid synthesis and energy production. As the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin, it can be produced industrially only through bacterial fermentation-synthesis.
Vitamin B12 was discovered from its relationship to the disease pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease that destroys parietal cells in the stomach that secrete intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is crucial for the normal absorption of B12, so a lack of intrinsic factor, as seen in pernicious anemia, causes a vitamin B12 deficiency. Many other subtler kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency and their biochemical effects have since been elucidated.
The names vitamin B12 or vitamin B12 or vitamin B-12, which are sometimes shortened to B12 or B12, and the alternative name cobalamin generally refer to all forms of the vitamin. Some medical practitioners have suggested that its use be split into two different categories, however.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can potentially cause severe and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system.Vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause symptoms of mania and psychosis.Vitamin B12 deficiency can be caused by the metabolic disorder pernicious anemia.
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