Alpha-lipoic acid is an antioxidant that is made by the body and is found in every cell, where it helps turn glucose into energy. In the cells of the body, alpha-lipoic acid is changed into dihydrolipoic acid. Its ability to kill free radicals may help people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, who have pain, burning, itching, tingling, and numbness in arms and legs from nerve damage. Alpha-lipoic acid has been used for years to treat peripheral neuropathy in Germany.
Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor. Calcium citrate is an odorless white powder, soluble in cold water. Like citric acid, calcium citrate has a sour taste. Like other salts, however, it also has a salty taste. Calcium citrate is an intermediate in the isolation of citric acid from the fermentation process by which citric acid is produced industrially.
Chitosan is produced commercially by deacetylation of chitin, which is the structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans. This makes chitosan water soluble and a bioadhesive which readily binds to negatively charged surfaces such as mucosal membranes. Chitosan and its derivatives, such as trimethylchitosan,have been used in nonviral gene delivery. In agriculture, chitosan is used primarily as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an ecologically friendly biopesticide substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against fungal infections.
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